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In economics and sociology, the means of production are physical, non-human inputs used for the production of economic value, such as the facilities, machinery, tools infrastructural capital and natural capital. The means of production includes two broad categories of objects: ''instruments of labor'' (tools, factories, infrastructure, ''etc.'') and ''subjects of labor'' (natural resources and raw materials). If creating a good, people operate on the subjects of labor, using the instruments of labor, to create a product; or, stated another way, labour acting on the means of production creates a good.〔Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx'', London, England, 1975. Part II, Chap. 2, sect. a; page 63.〕 In an agrarian society the means of production is the soil and the shovel. In an industrial society it is the mines and the factories, and in a knowledge economy the offices and computers. In the broad sense, the "means of production" includes the "means of distribution" such as stores, the internet and railroads.〔Flower, B.O. The Arena, Volume 37. The Arena Pub. Co, originally from Princeton University. p. 9〕 The ownership of the means of production and control over the surplus product generated by their operation is a key factor in categorizing different economic systems. In classical economics the means of production is the "factors of production" minus financial capital and minus human capital. ==Related terms== ''Factors of production'' are defined by German economist Karl Marx in his book ''Das Kapital'' as labour, subjects of labor, and instruments of labor; i.e., the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the classical school as "land, labour and capital". Marx sometimes used the term "productive forces" equivalently with "factors of production;" in ''Capital'', he uses "factors of production," in his famous Preface to the ''Critique of Political Economy'', he uses "productive forces" (note that this is in the English versions and may depend on the translation.) ''Production relations'' (Marx: ''Produktionsverhältnis'') are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are employer/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations. ''Mode of production'' (Marx: ''Produktionsweise'') (In political context) - the facilities and resources for producing goods. Study of how people take over other governments using force and violence, not talks and agreements. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「means of production」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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